理解他人--患有讀寫困難的人在聲音識別上有困難

　　摘要：讀寫困難也叫讀寫障礙癥，是一種最常見的特殊學習困難，泛指在閱讀、書寫或拼字方面的障礙。愛迪生，愛因斯坦，畢加索等人就是讀寫困難癥者。這些人在解決了這類障礙問題后，常常顯示出在某一方面的獨特的創造力。
 

　　導讀：研究發現，患有讀寫障礙的人在聲音識別上有很大困難，他們會極力從不熟悉的聲音中尋找熟悉的聲音。實驗時，研究人員將30名年齡，受教育程度和智商相差不多的人分為兩組，一組是有誦讀障礙史的人，而另一組人沒有。借助計算機的幫助，研究人員發現有讀寫障礙的人大腦中存在“聲音盲點”，這便是他們在聲音的區別上有困難的原因。
 

　　People with dyslexia struggle to recognise familiar voices, scientists suggest.

　　The finding is the first tentative evidence that small sounds in the human voice that vary between people are difficult for dyslexics to hear.

　　Writing in the journal Science, the scientists say that many people could have some degree of "voice blindness".

　　And by studying it, scientists hope to better understand how the human brain has evolved to recognise speech.

　　Humans rely on small sounds called phonemes to tell one person from another.

　　As we first try to form the word dog, for example, phonemes are the "duh"-"og"-"guh" sounds that our parents prompt us to make.

　　But as we master the ability to read, we become less reliant on recognising these sounds to read, and eventually stop noticing them.

　　Despite ignoring them, however, phonemes remain important for voice recognition.

　　The tiny inflections in the way people pronounce phonemes gives a listener cues to tell one voice from another.

　　Because people who suffer from dyslexia are known to struggle with phonemes when reading, a US-based team of scientists wondered whether they might also struggle hearing them in people's voices.

　　Listen well

　　To investigate, the team grouped 30 people of similar age, education and IQ into two camps: those with and without a history of dyslexia.

　　The subjects then went through a training period to learn to associate 10 different voices - half speaking English and half speaking Chinese - with 10 computer-generated avatars.

　　The subjects were then later quizzed on how many of those voices they could match to the avatars.

　　Non-dyslexics outperformed people with a history of dyslexia by 40% when listening to English.

　　However, this advantage disappeared when the groups were listening to Chinese.

　　Dorothy Bishop from the University of Oxford thinks that this is because "when [they] are listening to Chinese, it is a level playing field, because no one has learned to hear [Chinese] phonemes".

　　The researchers think that dyslexics don't have as comprehensive a phoneme sound library in their heads, and so they struggle when they hear phonemes spoken by unfamiliar voices because their "reference copy" isn't as well-defined.

　　"It is a very interests result... the only thing that I would really like to see to convince me... is if they were to repeat the experiment using Jabberwocky."

　　Using Jabberwocky, the nonsense poem by Lewis Carroll, would allow the researchers to determine whether the listeners identify who's who from the meaning of what they are saying, or whether listeners are purely relying on the phonemes.

　　Dr Bishop speculated that non-dyslexics may be worse at extracting the meaning of the words, meaning they under perform in this task.

　　Understanding the mechanics of voice recognition is important, said the study's lead author Tyler Perrachione from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, US, because it allows a listener to pinpoint a familiar voice above the hubbub of a crowded room.

　　Mr Perrachione explained that very little is known about voice blindness, which is formally called phonagnosia.

　　"In reality, phonagnosia is probably much more common," he explained, "but people who don't recognize that voices sound different may not even realize they lack the ability to tell voices apart."